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Welding is the most widely practiced way of joining metals together due to the efficiency and economy of the process. It has been estimated that approximately 50% of the Gross National Product of the USA arises from activities that are in some for or another related, perhaps remotely, to welding. As an example, farming may appear to have nothing to do with welding, but the equipment the framer uses to grow and harvest his crops will have used welding in their manufacturing process.

Until the advent of the 20th century, welding was confined to blacksmith shops where two pieces of metal were heated to very high temperatures in a forge and then hammered together until the joining occurred. This is what is called forge welding.

With the introduction of electricity into industrial processes, welding became both quicker and easy, and also more economical. Today there are 4 types of welding techniques that are commonly used.

· The most basic for is Arc Welding where the parts to be joined together are brought into contact with strong electrical current and heated. The molten parts are then joined together to form a weld. This is the low technology end of welding in its cheapest and least sophisticated form.

· Gas Welding is generally used for repair work especially in the case hollow items like tubes and pipes. Hot gas is forced onto the surfaces to be welded. This procedure requires the parts to be subjected to less heat and is suitable for material that may be damaged by exposure to high temperature. For this reason it is used in the jewellery industry which has to work with soft metal with low melting points.

· Resistance Welding requires that an additional sheet of material is used to cover the pieces that are to be welded together. This provides great strength to a weld, but the process requires expensive equipment and also the use of additional material to encase the weld which makes it expensive and not suitable for all applications.

· Laser Welding is the most modern technology available. High intensity lasers can be tightly focused and produce controllable heat on the surfaces to be welded very quickly. This is perfect for material which can be damaged by prolonged exposure to extreme heat. Laser welding is very accurate and can be used to produce even the smallest of welds. However, because of the high capital cost involved in purchasing this equipment, the cost of welding is also high.

Although the perception of welding is that of a simple process of heating and joining, it is a high technology industry with huge amounts being spent of research and development to find stronger, more accurate and cheaper methods. The welding process plays a big role in metallurgy with a constant effort underway to find newer and more weld friendly alloys.
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Option 1: Keeping your maiden name

This is sure to raise a few eyebrows and stir up a little gossip with the older relatives and family friends. Most of the time this is done when a woman has an established career or name for herself in a given field. She doesn’t want to start with a new name and have to build her reputation or name recognition under that new last name. This is an understandable reason to keep a maiden name. Any other reason may signal that a woman is hesitant in joining her new family or has underlying issues with her new husband.

Option 2: Take your husband’s last name

Changing your name to your husband’s last name when you marry is the most traditional way to go. It shows both families and the world that you are giving up your last name to become a part of a new family. You’re not forsaking your family. You are becoming part of a new family unit with your husband. If you don’t want to fully part with your maiden name, make it your middle name.

It demonstrates to your husband that you love him so much that you willingly and gladly want to carry his last name as your own. You two are building a life together and it makes sense to have the same last name. What about when children come along? Mom and dad will have the same last name … just like the good old days when people put family first.

Option 3: The hyphenated last name.

Some men and women change both their names to a hyphenated combination of the man’s last name and the woman’s maiden name. This is trendy and modern. It takes a really flexible guy to change his last name at marriage.

Most of the time if there is a hyphenated last name, it is just the woman that does this. Maybe there is no one left to carry on the legacy of her maiden name? This way she can keep a family name alive. Maybe she has built up a solid career under her maiden name but wants to show her husband that she also wants to carry his name. The hyphenated combination last name is a good compromise.

The man and woman should talk about what happens when children come along in the future. Will they carry the hyphenated name or only the last name of the father? Get this discussion out of the way right away to avoid any problems in the future with the naming of the children.

A friendly discussion over the topic at a nice dinner is probably the best setting to talk about this topic. This might be a sensitive subject if you are deciding to do something non-traditional and have a strong opinion. It isn’t a show-stopper but is certainly worthy of some frank discussion so that both the man and the woman are on the same page on this topic. Again, remember that marriage is about compromise and this will be one of the first compromise issues to come up. So start off the marriage on the right track with a decision that you have both have talked about and are happy with.

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Auto repair books and manuals can be found in the parts stores, in the bookstores, and online. Amazon offers a good selection of Haynes and Chilton repair manuals. Those are sorted by year, make and model of each vehicle. You may even buy them used if you wish.

There are a lot of places online that offer “how to’s” on basic auto repair. If you aren’t familiar with doing your own auto repair, you may talk to other people in the parts store, the local garages, at car shows, cruise nights, swap meets, etc.

There are a lot of blogs and groups online that share ideas, places for to get hard-to-get parts, resources, specialized tools, and Questions and Answers (Q & A). Just type into the address bar something like “how to repair front brakes” and see what comes up. You can get more details in the search with year, make and model also.

I work in a parts store and we have the ability, for some cars not all, to show how to repair or replace that particular part. You just ask the counter person if that store has the ability to print such instructions out for you when you purchase a particular part.

*Note – not all stores have this option.

If you need a specialized tool, not all parts stores will carry them. You should access places such as Sears, Harbor Freight, some small hardware stores such as Star Hardware and Conyers Hardware to get what you are looking for. You can even find them in Lowes or Home Depot. If you cannot find them there, look online for them BEFORE you do the job. These things take time to be ordered, shipped and delivered to you.
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Robin, a nobleman, so the later stories say, was stripped of his lands and outlawed by Prince / King John, escaped into the green woods of Sherwood Forest. There along with, Little John, Will scarlet, Allan a Dale, Much The Miller, Friar Tuck and of course Maid Marion, stole from the rich to give to the poor. The rich in this case consisted mainly of prince John’s tax collectors and various rich officials of a wealthy church. Since the Sheriff of Nottingham, who was based in Nottingham castle, was charged with the collection of the taxes he became Robin’s archenemy.

That very roughly is the basis of the Robin Hood stories I grew up with. But while the stories were all centred on Nottingham and Sherwood there is now a growing body of experts that believe he was a Yorkshireman. As witnessed by the naming of Doncaster, Sheffield airport, Robin Hood Airport, much to the Chagrin of the good folks of Nottingham.

The earliest known mention of Robin Hood was nearly six and a half centuries ago. In 1377 there was a reference to him in a poem attributed to William Langland. The poem, “The vision of William concerning Piers Plowman” contains the following two lines.

I kan noght parfity my paternoster as the preest it syngth,

but I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre.

I do not know my paternoster perfectly as the priest sings it,

but I know the Rhymes of Robin Hood and Randolf, Earl of Chester.

In those days the majority of the population could not read or write, so a lot of the local history was verbal and passed on by the wandering minstrels. Since the tales of Robin Hood feature in many of those ballads, it is possible that the tales would have been based on the exploits of a real person.

Most of what we know of Robin Hood comes from, The Child Collection. The English and Scottish Popular ballads, collected by Francis James Child in the 1800s
The Lyttle Gest of Robyn Hode is the very first of them and along with the next three ballads place Robin Hood, a Yeoman (Low born freeman) Little John, Will Scarlet and Much the Miller etc, firmly in the Forest of Barnsdale. The forest was in Yorkshire the adjoining county to Nottingham and covered the area between Doncaster and Wentbridge. (Wentbridge was sometimes known as Barnsdale).

The village of Wentbridge is the only place in Yorkshire to boast a blue plaque on the bridge commemorating Robin Hood. Wording from plaque; And walke up to saylis, and so to Watling street, and wayte after some unkuth gest, up chance ye may them mete. The Saylis mentioned has been identified as Sayles Plantation (Now Brockadale nature reserve) and is on one side of the Gorge of the river Went that runs from Wentbridge, past Smeaton Crags, to Little Smeaton / Kirk Smeaton. At the southwest corner of the Kirk Smeaton parish boundary, near to Skellow, lies Robin Hood’s well, Because of road widening works, the Skell, a tributary of the river Don, was covered and the well dried up. The stone shelter that surrounded the well however still exists and can be found in a lay-by on the southbound carriageway of the A1 near Skellow, about half a mile north of the junction with the A638.

Close by in the grounds of Skelbrook Park was The Bishops Oak, alas long gone. (The ground where it once stood is still known as The Bishop Tree Root). This was the spot where Robin and his men were said to have captured and held to ransom the Bishop of Hereford. St Mary Magdalene in Barnesdale was where Robin went pray and was said to be the church where he married Marion. Not far from Skellow is Campsall and the church of St Mary Magdalene, the church is very ancient and would have been within the Barnsdale forest.

Wakefield ten miles from Barnsdale was the home of George a Green, the jolly pinder of Wakefield, who was one of Robin’s followers. He would have lived in Pinderfields near what is now Pinderfields Hospital.

Wakefield was also, according to the Wakefield rolls, the home of one Robert / Robyn Hood the son of Adam Hood, a forester in the service John de Warenne, he was married to Matilda and lived in a property in Birchill. In the records for 1316 Robert and Matilda paid 25 shillings to purchase a piece land in Birchill. Also, in that year Robert was fined for failing a call to arms in Edward the second’s abortive invasion of Scotland two years earlier.

In 1320 Thomas Earl of Lancaster took over Wakefield and began to raise a new army. Robert’s name did not appear on the list of defaulters and it is possible that he joined the army of Lancaster. In 1322 there was a five-roomed house on the land in Birchill. In 1323 Lancaster was defeated at Boroughbridge and his supporters outlawed. In that year a list of seized properties included a newly built five roomed building in Birchill. Robert Hood of Wakefield seems to have disappeared from view at this time. Was he outlawed to the greenwood to become Robin Hood of Barnsdale?

Robin’s archenemy was the Sheriff of Nottingham and for a period in Edwards reign, the High Sheriff of Nottingham had jurisdiction over Yorkshire. As everyone knows Robin was famed for his prowess with a longbow, which also points to him being around during Edward’s reign, since the longbow was not introduced into England until after the reigns of John and King Richard.

The death of Robin Hood. In later years when he was in ill health Robin travelled to Kirklees Priory to be bled, instead he was betrayed and killed by his cousin the Prioress and Sir Rodger Of Doncaster. Just before he died he shot an arrow and asked his friends to bury him wherever the arrow landed.

Kirklees Priory (Between Brighouse and Mirfield) is a ruin although the gatehouse still stands. 600 mtrs beyond the gatehouse they found a gravestone with the partial inscription; Here Lies Robard Hude. The Priory is on private land and for safety reasons there is no public access at this time.

So there we have the Yorkshire Robin Hood, a fugitive yeoman based in Barnsdale, in the reign of Edward the second, who with his band of merry men, led the Sheriff of Nottingham a pretty dance as he robbed the tax gatherers and the rich as they travelled through Barnsdale and very likely Sherwood Forest. (After all both forests, were adjoining).
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Adding a sunroom, then, is conducive to your peace of mind and enjoyment of life, and should remain so even once its built and you’re faced with the prospect of paying for it and of using it for many years to come.

There are two main types of sunroom to choose from. The first type is the room built onto an already existing deck or porch. This will constrain the shape of the room, but it is the least inexpensive because the base of the room will already be completed. It is imperative that you ensure that this pre-existing structure can bear the weight of an additional structure on top of it, of course.

The other type is a completely stand-alone room that can be made to your precise specifications. The floor will have to be built especially, and any type of sunroom can be put on top of it.

Next you’ll have to decide the style of sunroom that will best suit your lifestyle. If you’re a cosy couple you’ll want one type of room, if you’re an outgoing couple you’ll want another, if you plan on a growing family you’ll want still another.

The studio style is the most popular style of sunroom, a simple but elegant box with a flat roof. A sunroom with a cathedral roof adds height and increased spacing, and allows for cool design features like front trapezoid transoms.

The California or split-level roof looks quite unique, and allows for additional light reception. The Solarium is similar to the Conservatory in that it has a glass roof as well as glass walls, but the Solarium has a distinctive curved-eave roof, just right for looking up at the stars. The Conservatory is the smallest of the sunrooms, designed with classic Edwardian or Victorian feel, including ornate moldings and bay windows.

Enjoying Sunroom Conservatories

Conservatories were once limited to nothing more than wicker furniture and plants, adventurous homeowners are now building them to house practically any type of room in the house from kitchen to bedroom.

A conservatory patio room is one that is built onto an already existing structure of your house, such as a deck or patio slab. It is imperative that you make sure that this structure will be strong enough to withstand the additional weight of the new structure. Not only that, but it must be strong enough to withstand any additional snow that might pile onto its top during the dead of winter.

This type of conservatory will most likely be a 3 season sunroom, because it’s not normally built to be used year round – no heating and cooling would be installed.

The conservatory sunroom built on its own specially prepared slab is therefore more expensive, because it will be fully insulated, and have the heating and cooling system of any other room in your house, and will allow you to use the room year round.

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In the late 1970s prices rose to nearly five-times yearly income in a widespread real estate bubble. After the crash, prices stabilized at around four-times yearly income for a few years before Californians began inflating the next housing bubble. This first bubble was widely documented. It is credited with creating the bubble mentality in California. Prior to this bubble house prices were near three-times income as was common in the rest of the United States.

In the late 1980s prices rise to over six-times yearly income. Since this bubble was larger, it took longer for prices to fall to sustainable fundamental valuations. In a six-year decline from 1991 to 1996 prices fell about 20% across the state again bottoming at four-times income. The deflation of this second bubble also stopped at four-times income. Neither bubble deflated all the way to the three-times income levels seen in the rest of the country.

The Great Housing Bubble is the third such bubble in the last 30 years, and it is the largest of all. The detachment from traditional measures of valuation was so extreme that it is difficult for many to comprehend. In most California markets, prices rose to over eight-times yearly income. This is more than double the stable, fundamental value. There are some markets where the price-to-income ratio exceeded twelve times. The really crazy part was that people still believed that prices would continue to rise even at valuations that were nearly incomprehensible.

As of early 2009, most markets in California have corrected more than 35% from the peak in 2006. Prices are still falling, and they will continue to do so until the four-times income ratio is reached again. This price-to-income relationship is the stable and predictable bottoming price in California real estate. Prices stop falling in this range because it becomes less expensive to own than to rent.

Each time the bubble bursts, the crash is incorrectly blamed on some outside force, and each time the rally is thought to be different than the rally in previous cycles. It never is. Have You Been Exposed to HIV? STD Tests – HIV Testing Options

Are you at risk of HIV infection? If you are sexually active, especially in a non-monogamous relationship, if you have had intimate contact with an HIV positive person, or if you have been exposed to any infected bodily fluids such as blood, you may be at risk of having HIV. Immediate testing for the virus is definitely called for if you are at risk and have not been tested, since the earlier you know that you are infected, the better the outcome will be. Of course, finding out that you are HIV positive can be a very scary experience and you may be tempted to put off testing for fear of what you may find out. However, this is not a good idea. By going ahead and getting an HIV test you can either assuage your fears by finding out that you are not actually HIV positive or you can start taking action to control your infection and stay healthy and to keep from infecting other people.

Thanks to new antiretroviral drugs, early treatment of HIV can help infected people live long, high quality lives. However, the key is to find out about the infection early so that treatment can be started. This is why it is so necessary to get tested if you have any doubts about your status and to find out the truth. Once you know whether or not you have gotten the disease, you can be empowered to take control and to keep yourself healthy.

Fortunately, getting tested for HIV is a very simple process. It requires only a small blood sample, which can then be checked for the virus. You can also be guaranteed confidential and rapid testing by using the right confidential STD testing service. This company is a nationwide chain that provides knowledgeable, confidential, and fast service to help people get tested for a wide range of sexually transmitted diseases. When you call a confidential STD testing service for an HIV testing appointment, you can usually get same day testing services and a result back within just a few days. This allows you to get your results fast and to skip the days or weeks of worry that can accompany other methods of testing.

People should have a way of getting STD tests in a very caring environment that ensures compete privacy. By using an STD testing service for an HIV Test, you can expect to talk with a trained counselor who can help you deal with the fear and other emotional aspects of testing for this disease and who can also help if you get a positive result. Only use a service with trained professionals whose primary business is helping people learn about their STD and HIV status and deal with the fear, embarrassment, and other emotions that can make it difficult for many people to get the treatment they need.

Because HIV can be so easily transmitted to sexual partners and is much easier to treat when caught early, it is really essential that you get help as soon as possible. Don’t let fear, embarrassment, or other things get in the way of this extremely important step. Get tested today so that you can get the necessary knowledge to make smart choices about your future.
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